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Aasaan A'rooz aur Rumooz-e-Shaa,i'ree: qist #1
Aasaan A'rooz aur Rumooz-e-Shaa,i'ree
(qist^ #1)

Sarwar A. Raz "Sarwar"

ChheRaa hai :Raz: maiN ne afsaana.e.muHabbat
aaGhaaz se ho aChhaa aNjaam daastaaN kaa! (Raz Chandpuri)

1.1 Ibtidaa,iyah

insaan ne apne Khayaalaat, meHsoosaat, tajrubaat aur mushaahidaat ke iz^haar ke liYe muKhtalif z^uroof eejaad kiYe haiN. agar koyee shaKhS raNg aur moo-qalam (brush) ko apnaa Zaria'-e-iz^haar banaaye to vwh 'muSawwir' kehlaataa hai; agar woh taal, sur aur saaz-o-aawaaz se kaam le to us ko 'mooseeqaar' kehte haiN, aur agar woh alfaaz^ kee ek maKhSooS dilkash aur Ghinaayee shakl meN kaaGhaZ par jaadoo jagaaye to ham us ko :shaa,i'r: kehte haiN. isee liYe Munshi Brij Narain :Chakbast: Lucknawe ne kahaa thaa keh :

shaa,i'ree kyaa hai? dilee jaZbaat kaa iz^haar hai
dil agar bekaar hai to shaa,i'ree bekaar hai!

har fan (art) kee t^araH shaa,i'ree ke bhee uSool aur qaa,ide haiN jin se us ko jaaNchne aur parakhne meN madad miltee hai. goyaa yeh uSool shaa,i'ree kee kasauTee haiN. Urdu shaa,i'ree kaa Khameer Farsi aur Arabee shaa,i'ree se uThaa hai aur is kee beshtar :riwaayatee: aSnaaf (Ghazal, naz^m, qit^a'h, rubaa,e'e, macnawee waGhairah) inhee zabaanoN se musta,a'ar haiN. muKhtalif muHarrikaat kee binaa par pichhlee chhe-saat dahaa,iyoN meN Urdu meN bohat see nayee aSnaaf kaa iZ^aafah huwaa hai, macala" aazaad aur nacree naz^m, Ghazal-e-mu,a'rraa, haikoo, culaacee, dohe waGhairah. har chand keh yeh aSnaaf apnee z^aahiree shakl meN ek doosre se muKhtalif haiN lekin taqreeba" sab hee Urdu shaa,i'ree ke bunyaadee uSooloN kee paaband haiN. yeh uSool i'lm-e-a'rooZ^ kaa HiSSah haiN aur zer-e-naz^ar maZ^aameen meH inheeN par guftgoo maqSood hai.

shaa,i'ree ke liYe i'lm-e-a'rooZ^ shart^-e-laazim naheeN hai. beshtar sho,a'raa is ke baGhair hee shaa,i'ree karte haiN. albattah shaa,i'ree ke mua'a,ib (KhaamiyaaN) aur muHaasin (achhaa,iyaan) samajhne, us par tanqeed karne aur uSooloN meN tabdeelee aur behtaree karne ke liYe a'ooZ^ kaa bunyaadee i'lm bohat aham hai. i'lm-e-a'rooZ^ ek bohat wasee' aur pecheedah i'lm hai. hamaare mat^lab ke liYe ziyaadah tafSeel kee Z^aroorat naheeN hai aur ham a'rooZ^ ko yahaaN aasaan aur a'am-fehm andaaz meN pesh karne kee koshish kareN ge.

chooN.k Ghazal Urdu kee maqbool-tareen Sinf-e-suKhan hai aur har shaKhS is se baKhoobee waaqif bhee hai, is liYe a'rooZ^ ke uSooloN ko Ghazal ke tawassut^ se hee samjhaayaa jaaYe gaa. is ke liYe pehle Ghazal par kuchh bunyadee guftgoo ho gee aur ba'd meN a'rooZee masaa,il se beHc kee jaaYe gee.

1.2 Ghazal ke ma'nee

Ghazal ke luGHawee (dictionary) ma'ne haiN "apne meHboob se guftgoo karnaa". isee munaasibat se Ghazal apne mizaaj, andaaz-e-bayaan aur moZ^oo'aat meN doosree aSnaaf-e-suKhan se munfarid hai. Husn-o-i'shq, hijr-o-wiSaal, parwaanah-o-shama', zindagee ke raNj-o-aalaam, dunyaa kee be-cabaatee waGhairah Ghazal ke KhaaS mauZ^oo' haiN.

is kaa yeh mat^lab naheeN hai keh Ghazal doosre masaa,il ko baaNdhne kee ijaazat naheeN detee hai, yaa us kee shakl in masaa,il ke bayaan kee mutaHammil naheeN hai. jadeed sho,a'raa ne is silsileh meN baRee kaawish kee hai aur :roTee-kapRaa aur makaan: se le kar :mazdoor aur sarmaayah-daar: tak muKhtalif maZ^aameen ko Ghazal meN baaNdhaa hai aur is t^araH Ghazal ko us kee riwaayatee rawish se nikaal kar insaanee zindagee ke masaa,il se ham-aahaNg karne kee koshish kee hai. in tabeeliyoN aur iKhtiraa,a'at ke baa-wujood Ghazal kaa bunyaadee raNg-o-aahaNg badastoor qaa,im hai.


1.3: Ghazal ke ajzaa-e-tarkeebee

Ghazal kee pehchaan jin ajzaa se qaa,im hotee hai un ko Ghazal ke ajzaa-e-tarkeebee kehte haiN. ya'nee jis Sinf-e-suKhan meN yeh baateN hoN gee us ko Ghazal kahaa jaaYe gaa. chunaan.ch hai,at (z^aahiree shakl) ke e'tibaar se Ghazal ke ajzaa-e-tarkeebee chaar (4) haiN:

(a) radeef
(b) qaafiyah
(c) mat^la'
(d) maqt^a'


in ke ilaawah chaNd aur ist^ilaaHaat bhee Ghazal se waabastah haiN, jaise :taKhalluS, zameen, beHr: waGhairah. in ko ham Ghazal kee tafSeel keh sakte haiN. in par guftgoo munaasib maqaamaat par aa,indah safHaat meN ho gee.

Ghazal kee ist^ilaaHaat ko samajhne ke liYe Momin Khan "Momin" kee ek Ghazal neeche likhee jaa rahee hai:

tum bhee rehne lage Khafaa SaaHeb (1)
kaheeN saayah miraa paRaa SaaHeb?

hai yeh baNdah hee be-wafaa SaaHeb (2)
Ghair aur tum bhale! bhalaa SaaHeb?

kyoN ulajhte ho juNbish-e-lab se? (3)
Khair hai? maiN ne kyaa kahaa SaaHeb?

dam-e-aaKHir bhee tum naheeN aaYe (4)
baNdagee ab! keh maiN chalaa SaaHeb.

kis peh bigRe the, kis peh GhuSSah thaa? (q) (5)
raat tum kis pe the Khafaa SaaHeb?

kis ko dete the gaaliyaaN laakhoN (6)
kis kaa shab Zikr-e-Khair thaa SaaHeb?

naam-e-i'shq-e-butaaN na lo Momin (7)
keejiYe bas Khudaa, Khudaa! SaaHeb!

yahaaN chand baateN qaabil-e-Ghaur haiN:

(a) is Ghazal meN saat (7) ash,a'ar (waaHid: she'r) haiN aur har she'r meN do (2) :miSre': (lines) haiN. goyaa, Ghazal ke she'r kee takmeel ke liYe do miSre' Z^arooree haiN.

(b) har she'r apne mat^lab meN ek munfarid ikaayee hai. ya'nee ma'nee-aafreenee ke liYe ek she'r doosre she'r kaa muHtaaj naheeN hai.

(c) Ghazal kaa har miSra' ek hee :lambaayee: kaa hai.is ko she'r kee zabaan meN yooN kaheN ge keh :har miSra'/she'r ek hee :wazn: (weightage) kaa hai. kaheeN se ek Harf nikaal deejiYe to woh miSra' wazn se :baahar ho jaayegaa:, ya'nee is kee rawaanee meN farq paidaa ho jaaYe gaa aur miSra'/she'r apne doosre saathi,yoN se ham-aaHang naheeN rahe gaa. is ko miSra'/she'r kaa :wazn se Khaarij honaa: kehte haiN. yeh naqS (Kharaabee) Ghazal meN yaksar naa-qaabil-e-qubool hai.

ab aap ooper dee huyee ist^ilaaHaat kee tashreeH mulaaHizah farmaai,Ye:

(a) radeef : voh lafz^, tarkeeb yaa fiqrah jo har she'r ke doosre miSre' ke aaKhir meN laazima" aataa hai radeef kehlaataa hai. "Momin" kee Ghazal meN radeef :SaaHeb: hai. woh Ghazal jis meN radeef kaa ehtimaam kiyaa jaaYe :muraddaf: (ya'nee :radeef waalee) Ghazal kehlaatee hai. Ghazal meN radeef kaa ista'maal Z^arooree naheeN hai, HaalaaN.k beshtar sho,a'raa is kee paabandee karte haiN. aisee Ghazal jis meN radeef kaa ehtimaam nah kiyaa gayaa ho :Ghair muraddaf: kehlaatee hai. micaal dekhiYe:

yeh SubH-o-shaam kee uljhan, yeh roz-o-shab kee yaad
sunaa,ooN kyaa tumheN afsaanah-e-dil-e-barbaad?

jo aaye yaad to dil Doob Doob jaataa hai
jo us ko bhoolnaa chaahooN to aur aaYe yaad!

maiN Khud ko DhooNDne niklaa to raastah nah milaa
daleel-e-raah naz^ar thee miree, so be-bunyaad

Khayaal-o-Khwaab kee dunyaa haiN aur maiN "Sarwar"
umeed-e-daad hai mujh ko nah shikwah-e-bedaad

(Sarwar A. Raz "Sarwar")

is Ghazal meN radeef naheeN hai aur har she'r ke doosre miSre' kaa aaKhree lafz^ ham-aahaNg hai ya'nee :rhyme: kar rahaa hai, (yaad, barbaad, bunyaad waGhairah). aise alfaaz^ ko :qaafiyah: (jama'= qawaafee) kehte haiN.

(b) qaafiyah: woh lafz^, tarkeeb yaa fiqrah jo :radeef: se faura" pehle aataa hai "qaafiyah" kehlaataa hai. "Momin" kee Ghazal ke qawaafee :Khafaa, baRaa, bhalaa: waGhairah haiN aur "Sarwar" kee Ghazal ke qawaafee : barbaad, yaad, bunyaad : waGhairah haiN.

qawaafee ke liYe un kee ham-aahaNgee (ya'nee :rhyme: karnaa) shart^-e-laazim hai. goyaa muKhtalif aahaNg ke alfaaz^ (ya'nee :non-rhyming: alfaaz^) ek hee Ghazal meN ba-t^aur-e-qawaafee ista'maal naheeN ho sakte haiN. aise alfaaz^ (i.e., bhalaa, kahaa, Khafaa) :ham-qaafiyah: kehlaate haiN.

(c) mat^la': mat^la' kaa mat^lab hai :t^uloo' yaa shuroo' hone kee jagah:. mat^la' Ghazal ke pehle she'r ko kehte haiN kyoN.k yaheeN se Ghazal kee ibtidaa hotee hai. mat^le’ ke donoN miSro'N meN qaafiyah aur radeef honaa Z^arooree hai. goyaa mat^le' ke donoN miSre' :ham-qaafiyah: hote hain.

mat^le' ke ilaawah doosre sab ash,a'ar ke pehle miSre' qaafiyeh ke paaband naheeN hote haiN. albattah sab :caanee: (doosre number ke) miSro'N kaa qaafiyeh kee paabandee karnaa laazimee hai.

Ghazal meN aik se ziyaadah mat^le' ho sakte haiN. is Soorat meN pehle mat^le' ko :mat^la-e-awwal: yaa :mat^la'-e-oolaa: aur doosre ko :mat^la'-e-caanee: yaa :Husn-e-mat^la': kahaa jaataa hai. "Momin" kee Ghazal meN she'r #1 :mat^la'-e-awwal: hai aur #2 sh'er :mat^la'-e-caanee: hai.

(d) maqt^a': ke ma'nee :qat^a' yaa Khatm hone kee jagah: haiN. Ghazal ke aakhiree she'r ko :maqt^a’: kehte haiN kyoN.k yahaaN aa kar Ghazal Khatm ho jaatee hai. u'mooma" shaa,i'r maqt^e' meN apnaa :taKhalluS: (muKhtaSar naam) Daal detaa hai. shaa,i'ree meN koyee aisaa uSool aisaa naheeN hai jo shaa,i'r ko maqt^e' meN taKhalluS baaNdhne par majboor kare, magar beshtar sho,a'raa maqt^e' men apnaa taKhalluS baaNdhte haiN aur is t^araH Ghazal par apnaa :Thappaa: lagaa dete haiN.
taKhalluS kuchh bhee ho saktaa hai. ba'Z^ sho,a'raa apnaa naam hee taKhalluS ke t^aur par ista'maal karte haiN aur ba'Z^ koyee aur farZ^ee naam is maqSad ke liYe iKhtiyaar kar lete haiN. micaal ke t^aur par, :Asad-ullah Khan: naam aur taKhalluS "Ghalib"; :Muhamaad Iqbal: naam aur taKhalluS "Iqbal".

yahaaN par shaa,i'ree kee ek aur ist^ilaaH :zameen: kee ta'reef munaasib ma'loom hotee hai. Ghazal kee shinaaKht kaa ek Zari,a'h radeef aur qaafiye ke ishtiraak se banaayaa gayaa hai jise :zameeN: kehte haiN. "Momin" kee Ghazal kee zameen :Khafaa SaaHeb, baRaa SaaHeb: hai. isee t^araH "Ghalib" kee mash,hoor Ghazal

koyee din gar zindagaanee aur hai
apne jee meN ham ne Thaanee aur hai

kee zameen :zindagaanee aur hai, Thaanee aur hai: kahee jaayegee.

1.4: Ghazal kee KhuSooSiyaat aur iltizaamaat

Ghazal ko :Urdu shaa,i'ree kee aabroo: kahaa gayaa hai. woh doosree aSnaaf-e-suKhan (naz^m, rubaa,e'e, qit^a', muKhammas waGhairah) se Sirf apnee hai,at (z^aahiree shakl) kee wajh se hee mumtaaz naheeN hai, bal.k apne maZ^aameen aur aNdaaz-e-bayaan meiN bhee munfarid hai. yahaaN is kee chand KhuSooSiyaat kaa Zikr kiyaa jaaYe gaa.

(a) Ghazal kaa har she'r ek mukammal weHdat hotaa hai. ya'nee koyee she'r apnee tashreeH aur waZ^aaHat ke liYe kisee doosre she'r kaa muHtaaj naheeN hotaa hai. is kaa laazimee nateejah yeh hai keh har she'r apne ma'nee alag rakh saktaa hai. chunaan.ch Ghazal kaa ek she'r Husn-o-i'shq par, doosraa falsafah-e-Hayaat par, teesraa siyaasat par aur chauthaa dunyaa kee be-cabaatee par ho saktaa hai. doosre alfaaz^ meN ham yeh keh sakte haiN keh Ghazal kaa har she'r apnee Zaat meN ek mukammal muKhtaSar naz^m hotaa hai. Ghazal ke tamaam ash,a'ar meN Khayaal-o-mauZ^oo' kaa tasalsul aur yaksaaniyat laazimee naheeN hai.

(b) Ghazal ke ash,a'ar meN Khayaal aur mauZ^oo' kee maZkoorah aazaadee ko mu,accar banaane ke liYe Z^arooree hai keh Ghazal ke Khayaal-o-mauZ^oo' us ke mizaaj se ham-aahaNg hoN. Ghazal kee ek nihaayat aham KhuSsooSiyat us kee :daaKhiliyyat: (ya'nee Khayaalaat-o-meHsoosaat kaa shaa,i'r kee apnee Zaat se paida honaa) hai. is liYe shaa,i'r kaa farZ^ ho jaataa hai keh voh har Khaarijee maZ^moon (ya'nee aisee baat jo shaa,i'r kee Zaat se baahar ke muHarrikaat se paidaa huyee ho) ko apnee fikr-o-Zaat kaa ek HiSSah banaa le aur un ko yooN meHsoos kar ke bayaan kare jaise woh Khud un kaa shikaar rahaa hai.

(c) is :daaKhiliyyat: ke i'laawa Ghazal kee be-panaah maqbooliyat kee ek aur wajh bhee hai: ya'nee Sirf do miSro'N meN baRe se baRaa maZ^zmoon dilkash andaaz meN adaa karne kee SalaaHiyat! is KhuSooSiyat ko :ijaz-o-iKhtiSaar: (inimitability and brevity) kahaa jaataa hai. yehee sabab hai keh Ghazal-go shaa,i'r apnee taKhleeqaat meN a'laamaat, ishaare, tashbeehaat, isti,a'are waGhairah kacrat se ista'maal karte haiN.

(d) yeh Z^arooree naheeN hai keh Ghazal kaa har she'r hameshah hee alag alag maZ^moon bayaan kare. yeh bhee ho saktaa hai keh ek hee maZ^moon ke muKhtalif pehloo pooree Ghazal meN bayaan kiYe gayee hoN. chunaan.ch :Ghazal-e-musalsal: aisee Ghazal ko kehte haiN jis meN ek hee bunyaadee Khayaal yaa jaZbe aur us kee jehtoN ko muKhtalif alfaaz-o-andaaz meN bayaan kiyaa jaataa hai. Ghazal-e-musalsal kee micaal ek aise haar se dee jaa saktee hai jis kaa har daanaa ek hee Khayaal kee tasbeeH pehloo badal badal kar paRhtaa naz^ar aataa ho. Molana "Hasrat" Mohani kee mash,hoor Ghazal :chupke chupke raat din aaNsoo bahaanaa yaad hai: Ghazal-e-musalsal kee u'mdah micaal hai. is Ghazal ke chand ash,a'ar dekhiYe:

chupke chupke raat din aaNsoo bahaanaa yaad hai
ham ko ab tak a'ashiqee kaa woh zamaanaa yaad hai!

do-pahar kee dhoop meN mere bulaane ke liYe
woh tiraa koThe peh naNge paa,ooN aanaa yaad hai

kheeNch lenaa woh miraa parde kaa konaa daf,ata"
aur dupaTTe se tiraa woh muNh chhupaanaa yaad hai

aa gayaa jab waSl kee shab bhee kaheeN Zikr-e-firaaq
woh tiraa ro ro ke bhee mujh ko rulaanaa yaad hai

(e) isee t^araH :do-Ghazlah: aisee do GhazloN ke majmoo,e'h ko kehte haiN jo ek hee beHr aur zameen meN mat^le' aur maqt^e' kee paabandee ke saath kahee gayee hoN. kaheeN kaheeN :seh-Ghazlah: (ya'nee inheeN paabandiyoN ke saath teen GhazleN) bhee naz^ar aa jaataa hai.

(f) ba'Z^ auqaat shaa,i'r apnee Ghazal ke beech meN kayee aise ash,a'ar rakh detaa hai jo ek hee Khayaal adaa karte hoN. aise ash,a'ar ke 'giroh' ko :qit^a'-band: kahaa jaataa hai. u'mooma" Ghazal meN is kee nishaan-dehee qit^e' ke pehle miSre' ke paas Harf :qaaf: likh kar kee jaatee hai taa.k qaaree maZ^moon ke tasalsul, rawaanee aur maqSadiyat ko meHsoos kar sake. ooper dee huyee "Momin" kee Ghazal meN sher # 5 aur # 6 aise hee qit^a' ke ash,a'ar haiN.

ooper kee mufaSSil beHc ke ba'd is sawaal kaa jawaab keh :Ghazal kyaa hai?: nisbata" aasaan ho jaataa hai:

Ghazal aise ash,a'ar kaa woh majmoo,a'h hai jo Khud do (2) miSro'N se tashkeel-pazeer hote haiN, aur jo radeef, qaafiyeh, mat^le' aur maqt^e' ke paabaNd hote haiN. Ghazal kaa har she'r laazima" ek hee wazn (meter) meN hotaa hai aur u'mooma" apnee tashreeH ke liYe doosre ash,a'ar kaa muHtaaj naheeN hotaa hai. waise Ghazal meN ek hee Khayaal ke muKhtalif pehloo bayaan karne kee bhee ijaazat hai.

1.5 chaNd sawaalaat

is marHaleh par aap ke Zehn meN chaNd sawaal Z^aroor ubhre hoN ge:

(1) wazn aur beHr kyaa cheez haiN? in kaa shaa,i'ree meN kyaa maqaam hai? in ke ajzaa-e-tarkeebee kyaa haiN?

(2) Urdu shaa,i'ree meN kitnee beHreN ista'maal hotee haiN? un ke naam kyaa haiN? un ko kaise pehchaanaa jaataa hai?

(3) yeh ma'loom karne kaa kyaa paimaana hai keh koyee Ghazal kaun see beHr meN hai?

(4) beHr ke i'lm ko kyaa kehte haiN aur us ke bunyaadee a'naaSir kyaa haiN?

aa,iYe ab ooper ke sawaalaat kee raushanee meN kuchh dilchasp nikaat par guftgoo kee jaaYe:

taufeeq agar reh-bar-e-manzil naheeN hotee
me'raaj-e-muHabbat kabhee HaaSil naheeN hotee! (Raz Chandpuri)

1.6: a'rooZ^ kyaa hai?

beHr, wazn aur aisee hee doosree iSt^ilaaHaat ke ta,a'aruf, ta'reef aur tafSeel se qabl :i'lm-e-a'rooZ^: par muKhtaSar guftgoo Z^arooree hai. yeh beHc shuroo' shuroo' meN Zehnee uljhan paidaa kar saktee hai. albattah is kaa woh HiSSah jis kee shaa,i'ree meN Z^aroorat hotee hai ziyaadah mushkil naheeN hai. jagah jagah micaaloN kee maujoodagee bhee is kaam ko aasaan banaa saktee hai.

zabaaneN muKhtalif aawaazoN se mil kar bantee haiN. in aawaazoN ko adaa karne kee do (2) SoorateN mumkin haiN:

(1) aawaazeN is t^araH se adaa kee jaaYeN keh ba'Z^ aawaazeN lambee ma'loom hoN aur ba'Z^ ChhoTee sunaayee deN.

(2) aawaazeN is t^araH se adaa kee jaaYeN keh ba'Z^ aawaazoN kee adaayagee meN ziyaadah zor Sarf kanraa paRe aur ba'Z^ meN kam zor kaa ista'maal ho.

Urdu zabaan pehle giroh se ta,a'lluq rakhtee hai. ya'nee is meN aawaazeN yaa to lambee sunaayee detee haiN yaa phir ChhoTee.

(a) ChhoTee aawaaz se voh aawaaz muraad hai jis meN Sirf ek (1) Harf sunaayee detaa hai.

(b) lambee aawaaz se woh aavaaz muraad hai jis meN do (2) Huroof kee aawaaz sunaayee detee hai.

aawaazoN ke is farq ko samajhne ke liYe lafz^ :a'rooZ^: ko hee leejiYe. a'rooZ^ kee hijje haiN (a'in, re, waw, Z^waad): a'in par 'zabar' hai aur Z^waad 'saakin' hai ya'nee is ko zer, zabar, pesh se Harakat naheeN dee gayee hai. lafz^ :a'rooZ^: ko zabaan se adaa karne meN pehle ek Harf (ya'nee :a'in:) kee aawaaz :a': sunaayee detee hai. us ke ba'd do (2) Huroof kee aawaaz (ya'nee :rey: aur :waw: se mil kar) :roo: sunaayee detee hai, aur aaKhir meN ek aur Harf (ya'nee :Z^waad:) kee saakin aawaaz :Z^: kaanoN meN paRtee hai.

chunaan.ch ham yeh keh sakte haiN keh lafz^ :a'rooZ^: ek ChhoTee, ek baRee aur phir ek ChhoTee aawaaz se mil kar banaa hai. agar ham ChhoTee aawaaz ko 's' se aur baRee aawaaz ko 'l' se z^aahir kareN to :a'rooZ^: kee a'laamatee (symbolic) tarteeb yooN likhee jaaYe gee: s-l-s.

isee t^raH lafz^ :a'rooZ^ee: ko a'laamatoN ke Zari,e'h yooN likhaa jaa saktaa hai: s-l-l , kyoN.k is ko zabaan se adaa karne meN ek ChhoTee aawaaz (:a'in: se :a':), phir ek lambee aawaaz (:re: aur :waw: se mil kar :roo:), aur phir ek aur lambee aawaaz (:Z^waad: aur :ye: se mil kar :Z^ee:) sunaayee detee hai. apnee aasaanee kee Khaat^ir ham in aawaazoN ko saalimoN (syllables) se ta'beer kar sakte haiN.

ooper kee baatoN kee raushanee meN i'lm-e-a'rooZ^ kee muKhtaSar aur jaame' ta'reef yooN ho saktee hai:

:a'rooZ^: us i'lm kaa naam hai jis meN zabaan aur KhuSooSa" ash,a'ar kaa mut^aal,i'ah aawaazoN kee adaa,igee aur saaKht kee bunyaad par kiyaa jaataa hai. ya'nee yeh keh Urdu zabaan meN aawaazeN kis namooneh par jama' hotee haiN? alfaaz^ ko adaa karte waqt jis qism kee aawaaz nikaltee hai woh 'lambee' hai yaa 'ChhoTee'? kitnee lambee aawaazeN ba-yak waqt yakjaa ho saktee haiN? kitnee ChhoTee aawaazeN ba-yak waqt yakjaa ho saktee haiN? aur lambee aur ChhoTee aawaazoN kaa yeh ijtimaa' kis Had tak aur kis namooneh yaa naqsheh par mumkin hai?

is ta'reef se ma'loom huwaa keh :a'rooZ^ kaa bunyaadee kaam aawaazoN kee tarteeb aur un ke namoonoN kaa mut^aal,ia'h hai. kisee lafz^ kee aawaazoN kee tarteeb ko agar a'laamatoN ke Zari,e'h z^aahir kiyaa jaaYe to is ko :alfaaz^ kaa wazn z^aahir karnaa: kahaa jaataa hai. macala" :a'rooZ^: kaa wazn hai :s-l-s:.

isee t^araH agar ek poore she'r kaa wazn z^aahir kiyaa jaaYe to is majmoo,e'e wazn ko miSre' kee :beHr: kahaa jaaYe gaa. Urdu shaa,i'ree meN musta'mil har beHr ke liYe mulaa,imat, rawaanee aur mauzooniyat Z^arooree haiN. koyee aisee beHr naheeN hai jo in KhoobiyoN kee Haamil naheeN hai.

agar aisee tarteeb ko kisee namooneh yaa naqsheh (she'r waGhairah)) par munt^abiq kiyaa jaaYe to aur us pooree tarkeeb yaa namooneh ke wazn ko a'laamatoN se z^aahir kiyaa jaaYe to use maZkoorah naqsheh yaa tarkeeb kee :taqt^ee': (te, qaaf, t^oe, ye, a'in) karnaa yaa :beHr bayaan karnaa: kehte haiN. is kee mazeed tafSeel aage aaYe gee.

is se pehle kahaa jaa chukaa hai k Urdu zabaan ke tamaam alfaaz^ aise haiN keh un meN se ba'Z^ kee aawaaz lambee ma'loom hotee hai aur ba'Z^ kee ChhoTee. isee t^araH jitne bhee mumkin namoone yaa taraakeeb hamaaree zabaan meN ban sakte haiN un kaa iz^haar bhee ChhoTee aur baRee aawaazoN kee tarteeb se kiyaa jaa saktaa hai.

yeh mumkin hai keh ba'Z^ aawaazeN likhne meN ba-z^aahir lambee dikhaayee detee haiN, lekin bolne aur paRhne meN ChhoTee sunaayee detee haiN. aisee aawaazeN woh haiN jin ke aaKhir meN :alif, waw, noon-e-Ghunnah, ChhoTee ye, baRee ye, ChhoTee hey: meN se koyee ek Harf hotaa hai. micaal ke t^aur par yeh miSra' dekhiYe:

muraadeN GhareeboN kee bar laane waalaa (Molana Hali)

is miSre' meN lafz :kee: aur :laane: kee :ne: ba-z^aahir lambe likhe gaYe haiN aur lambee aawaaz waale naz^r bhee aate haiN. lekin paRhne meN donoN kee 'ye' :dabaayee jaatee hai:. ya'nee agar.ch 'kee' aur 'ne' meN do (2), do (2) Huroof saath saath likhe gaYe haiN lekin paRhne meN ek hee Harf (:kaaf: zer :ki: aur :noon: zer :ne:) kee aawaaz adaa hotee hai. is t^araH is miSre' kee tarteeb ko ooper likhee a'laamaat meN yooN bayaan kiyaa jaa saktaa hai:

mu-raa-deN; Gha-ree-boN; ki-bar-laa; ne-waa-laa
s-l-l; s-l-l; s-l-l; s-l-l

is nukteh ko mazeed Saaf karne ke liYe agar ham :kee: aur :ne: ko un kee z^aahiree lambee shakl meN hee likheN aur a'laamatee naqshah banaayeN to yooN likhnaa ho gaa:

mu-raa-deN; Gha-ree-boN; kee-bar-laa; ne-waa- laa
s-l-l; s-l-l; l-l-l; l-l-l

aap is naqsheh ko paRhiYe to faura" ma'loom ho jaaYe gaa keh miSraa nah Sirf zabaan par rawaaN naheeN hai bal.k naa-mauzooN bhee hai. is kee wajh yeh hai keh ham ne :kee: aur :ne: ko maSnoo,e'e t^aur par woh aawaazeN dee haiN jo fit^ree bol-chaal ke Khilaaf haiN. lihaaZah is miSre' kee SaHeeH a'laamatee shakl wohee hai jo ooper likhee jaa chukee hai, ya'nee:

mu-raa-deN; Gha-ree-boN; ki-bar-laa; ne-waa-laa
s-l-l; s-l-l; s-l-l; s-l-l

ooper kee teHreer meN ham ne :s: aur :l: ko a'laamaat ke liYe ista'maal kiyaa hai. yeh niz^aam apnee baat samjhaane kee Had tak to Ghaneemat hai lekin shaa,i'ree meN ista'maal karne ke liYe ek behtar niz^aam kee Z^aroorat hai. agar hamaare paas kuchh aise alfaaz^ maujood hoN jo Urdu ke tamaam alfaaz& aur namoonoN ko a'laamatee t^aur se adaa kar sakeN to yeh mushkil aasaan ho saktee hai.

aisee a'laamaat isaatiZah-e-shaa,i'ree ne muddatoN pehle daryaaft kar lee theeN . chunaan.ch i'lm-e-a'rooZ^: meN muKhtalif aawaazoN kee adaa,igee kaa ek aur t^areeqah ista'maal kiyaa jaataa hai jis meN aise farZ^ee (dummy) alfaaz^ ista'maal kiYe jaate haiN jo Urdu kee aawaazoN kee tarteeb ke tamaam mumkin namoonoN ko z^aahir kar sakte haiN.

aise alfaaz^ ko :afaa,e'el: yaa :arkaan: (waaHid=rukn) kehte haiN. yeh afaa,e'el (arkaan) ta'daad meN Sirf aaTh (8) haiN aur neeche likhe jaa rahe haiN:

(1) sabaa,e'e afaa,e'el: ya'nee woh arkaan jin meN saat (7) Huroof hote haiN. in kee ta'daad Chhe (6) hai:

(a) mu-faa-e'e-lun (meeem, fey, alif, a'in, ChhoTee ye, laam, noon)

(b) faa-i'-laa-tun (fey, alif, a'in, laam, alif, tey, noon)

(c) mus-taf-i'-lun (meem, seen, tey, fey, a'in, laam, noon}

(d) maf-o'o-laat (meem, fey, a'in, waw, laam, alif, tey)

(e) mu-ta-faa-i'-lun (meem, tey, fey, alif, a'in, laam, noon)

(f) mu-faa-i'-la-tun (meem, fey, alif, a'in, laam, tey, noon)

(2) Khamaasee afaa,e'el : ya'nee woh afaa,e'el jin meN paaNch (5) Huroof hote haiN. yeh ta'daad meN do (2) haiN:

(a) fa-o'o-lun (fe, a'in, waw, laam, noon)

(b) faa-i'-lun (fe, alif, a'in, laam, noon)

inheeN aaTh (8) afaa,e'el kee ulaT-pher se muKhtalif namoone bante haiN jin ko :beHr: kehte haiN. jo log Hindustani :claasical: mooseeqee kaa shauq rakhte haiN un ko ma'loom hai keh us meN Sirf saat (7) suroN (sa, re, ga, ma, pa, dha, nee) se tamaam raag banaaYe jaate haiN. taqreeba" yehee Soorat shaa,i'ree meN afaa,e'el aur beHroN kee hai.

in arkaan ke mut^aali,e'h se z^aahir hotaa hai k :ek ChhoTee, ek baRee, aur phir ek aur baRee: aawaazoN par mushtamil jo rukn banaayaa gayaa hai woh :fa-o'o-lun: hai. chunaan.ch Molana Hali ke miSre' ko afaa,e'el kee zabaan meN yooN adaa kiyaa jaaYe gaa:

mu-raa-deN; Gha-ree-boN; kee-bar-laa; ne-waa-laa
fa-o'o-lun; fa-o'o-lun; fa-o'o-lun; fa-o'o-lun

yehee naqshah is miSre' aur us nazm kee jis se yeh miSra' liyaa gayaa hai :beHr: hai. is beHr ko :beHr-e-muta,qaarib: kaa naam diyaa gayaa hai. jis t^arah mooseeqee meN raagoN ke naam kee koyee mantiqee wajh-e-tasmiyah naheeN hotee hai usee t^araH shaa,i'ree meN beHroN ke naam bhee Sirf un kee shinaaKht ke liYe diYe gaYe haiN aur un kee koyee wajh naheeN hai keh kisee beHr ko us ke maKhSooS naam se hee kyoN pukaaraa jaataa hai.

1.7: afaa,e'el aur un ke ziHaafaat (modified forms)

afaa,e'el Urdu shaali'ree meN beHroN ke :eeN'T aur gaare: kaa kaam dete haiN. yeh aaTh (8) afaa,e'el apnee aSl shakl meN ist^ilaaHa" :saalim: kehlaate haiN. yeh beHroN meN apnee saalim shakl meN bhee ista'maal hote haiN aur aisee badlee huyee shakloN meiN bhee musta’mil haiN jin ko :muzaaHif: (modified) kehte haiN. woh a'mal jis se muzaaHif banaaYe jaate haiN :ziHaaf: kehlaataa hai.

saalim afaa,e'el ko un ke ziHaafaat meN tabdeel karne ke uSool nihaayat mushkil aur pecheeda haiN aur un se waaqifiyat Z^arooree bhee naheeN hai. albattah ziHaafaat kee pehchaan Z^arooree hai taa.k un kaa ista'maal shaa'iree meN Theek t^aur par kiyaa jaa sake. neeche ziHaafaat banaane kee chand micaaleN dee jaatee haiN taa.k aap ko is a'mal kaa kuchh andaaza ho sake.

1.8: ziHaafaat kee chand micaaleN

(1) :mu-faa-e'e-lun: se :mu-faa-e'e: aur :fa-o'o-lun: se :fa-o'o: nikaal diYe jaaYeN to :lun: bachtaa hai. is ko :fa': (fe, a'in) se badal dete haiN aur ek rukn kee t^araH ista'maal karte haiN. goyaa :fa': ek muzaaHif hai :mu-faa-e'e-lun: aur :fa-o'o-lun: kaa.

is a'mal ko :batar: kehte haiN aur is se jo muzaaHif :fa': banaa hai us ko ist^ilaaHa" : abtar: kehte haiN.

(2) :fa-o'o-lun: se Harf :fe: nikaal deN to :o'o-lun: reh jaataa hai jis ko us kee muzaaHif shakl meN :fa'-lun: (fe, a'in, laam, noon) keh dete haiN aur ek rukn ke t^aur par ista'maal karte haiN.

(3) :faa-i'-laa-tun: kaa :tun:, :mu-faa-e'e-lun: kaa :lun: yaa :fa-o'o-lun: kaa :lun: nikaal deN to bil-tarteeb :faa-i'-laa:, :mu-faa-e'e: aur :fa-o'o: bachte haiN. un ko muzaaHif meN yooN badal dete haiN:

faa-i'-laa-----> faa-i'-lun
mu-faa-e'e-----> fa-o'o-lun
fa-o'o-----> fa-a'l

in ziHaafaat ko ist^ilaaHa" :meHzoof: kehte haiN.

isee t^araH ek kaceer ta'daad meN ziHaafaat banaaYe gaYe haiN. neeche saalim arkaan aur un ke ziHaafaat kee fehrist dee jaa rahee hai. in kaa ista'maal beHroN aur taqt^ee' ke bayaan meN waaZ^eH kiyaa jaaYe gaa. ziHaafaat ke naam dene se gurez kiyaa jaa rahaa hai kyoN.k yeh uljhan kaa baa,ic ho gaa aur is kee Z^aroorat bhee naheeN hai.

1.9 arkaan aur un ke ziHaafaat

(a) fa-o'o-lun: ke 8 ziHaafaat haiN: fa-o'olu; fa'-lun; fa-o'ol; fa-a'l; fa-o'o-laan; fa'-lu; fa'; fa'laan

(b) faa-i'-lun: ke 9 ziHaafaat haiN: fa-i'-lun; fa'-lun; fa'; faa-i'-laan; faa-i'-laa-tun; fa-i'-laa-tun; fa'-l; fa-i'-laan; fa'-laan

(c) mu-faa-e'e-lun: ke 15 ziHaafaat haiN: mu-faa-i'-lun; mu-faa-e'e-lu; maf-o'o-lun; mu-faa-e'el; fa-o'o-lun; fa'-l; mu-faa-e'e-laan; maf-o'o-lu; faa-i'-lun; fa-o'ol; faa-a'; fa'; fa-i'-laan; fa'-lun; maf-o'o-laan

(d) faa-i'-laatun: ke 16 ziHaafaat haiN: fa-i'-laa-tun; faa-i'-laatu; faa-i'-laat; faa-i'-lun; maf-o'o-lun; faa-a'; fa'; fa-i'-laan; fa-i'-lun; fa'-li-yaan; faa-a'-li-yaan; fa'-laan; maf-o'o-laan, fa-i'-laat; fa'-l; fa'-l

(e) mus-taf-i'-lun: ke 19 ziHaafaat haiN: mu-faa-i'-lun; muf-ta-i'-lun; faa-i'-lun; maf-o'o-lun; fa'-lun; fa-o'o-lun; fa-i'-la-tun; faa-a'; fa'; mu-faa-i'-laan; muf-ta-i'-laan; faa-i'-laa-tun; fa-i'-la-taan; mu-faa-i'-la-taan; muf-ta-i'-laa-tun

(f) maf-o'o-laat: ke 15 ziHaafaat haiN: fa-o'o-laatu; faa-i'-laatu; maf-o'o-lu; maf-o'o-laan; maf-o'o-lun; fa'-lun; faa-a'; fa'; fa-i'-laatu; fa-o'o-laan; faa-i'-laan; fa-i'-laan; fa-o'o-lun; faa-i'-lun; fa-i'-lun

(g) mu-ta-faa-i'-lun: ke 15 ziHaafaat haiN: mus-taf-i'-lun; fa-i'-laa-tun; fa-i'-lun; mu-ta-faa-i'-laan; mu-ta-faa-i'-laa-tun; mu-faa-i'-lun; muf-ta-i'-lun; maf-o'o-lun; fa'-lun; mus-taf-i'-laan; mus-taf-i'-laa-tun; mu-faa-i'-laan; mu-faa-i'-laa-tun; muf-ta-i'-laan; muf-ta-i'-laa-tun

(h) mu-faa-i'-la-tun:: ke 8 ziHaafaat haiN: mu-faa-e'e-lun; muf-ta-i'-lun; mu-faa-i'-lun; mu-faa-e'e-lu; fa-o'o-lun; maf-o'o-lun; faa-i'-lun; maf-o'o'-lu

aa,indah aane waalee micaaloN meN in meN se kuchh ziHaafaat kaa ista'maal kiyaa jaaYe gaa aur beHreN qaa,im kee jaaYeN gee.

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